In many Turkic languages, function words are frequently derived from various functional forms of the speech verb de= ‘to say’, ‘to speak’, The adverbial participle form of the verb de= serves as the function element marking direct speech on the all-Turkic level (Tuvan dep, Khakas tip, Turkish diye). In the Tuvan language, this verb stem is used to form various function words serving as markers of syntactic relations. Many Tuvan function words used as particles are also derived from the verb de=.
In our research, we focus on Tuvan particles derived from the verb de= ‘to say’, ‘to speak’. Some examples of such par-ticles: intensifying particle dep; dižik // diyik denoting presupposition or speculation; emphasizing particles дээрге and de-den // dedaan // denaan, rhetorical particles deer and deer siler // deer sen; evidential particles divedive and divežikpe; inter-rogative particle deppe // dep be. In our article, we offer a description of these words, their structures, meanings, and nuanc-es of their usage. We attempt to create a complete description of their semantics and their communicative and pragmatic functions.
Bayyr-ool, A.V. O sluzhebnom slove deerge v tuvinskom yazyke [On the Function Word deerge in Tuvan]. Sibirskiy
filologicheskiy zhurnal [Siberian Journal of Philology]. Novosibirsk, 2009, no. 2, pp. 152–156.
Bayyr-ool, A.V. Сhastitsy tuvinskogo yazyka, obrazovannye ot bytiynykh glagolov (v sopostavlenii s yakutskim i
khakasskim yazykami [Tuvan Particles Derived from Existential Verbs (Compared to Yakut and Khakas)]. Cand. Phil. Sci.
Diss. Novosibirsk, 2009, 186 p.
Katanov, N.F. Opyt issledovaniya uryankhaiskogo yazyka s ukazaniyem glavneishikh rodstvennykh otnoshenii yego k
drugim yazykam tyurkskogo kornya: Monogr. [A Study of Uriankhai Language with a Listing of Its Main Genetic Relations
with Other Turkic Languages: A Monograph]. Kazan’: Litograph. Imp. of Kazan University, 1903. XLII, 488, LX p.
Mongush, D.A. O nekotorykh modelyakh predlozheniy v tuvinskom yazyke, obrazovannykh pri uchastii proizvodnykh ot
glagola de= // di= «govorit’», «skazat’» [On Several Tuvan Sentence Models Formed with Derivates from Verb de= // di=
‘to talk’, ‘to say’]. In: Pokazateli svyazi c slozhnom predlozhenii [Complex Sentences Relation Markers]. Novosibirsk,
1987, pp. 83–88.
Mongush, D.A. Skazuyemye tuvinskogo yazyka so znacheniyem irreal’noy modal’nosti i voprositel’nosti [Tuvan
Predicates with the Meaning of Irreal Modality and Interrogation]. Yazyki korennykh narodov Sibiri [Native Siberian
Languages]. Novosibirsk, 1995, no. 1, pp. 22–52.
Mongush, D.A. Сhastitsy kak komponent analiticheskikh skazuyemykh [Particles as Elements of Analytical Predicates].
Yazyki korennykh narodov Sibiri [Native Siberian Languages]. Novosibirsk, 1998, no. 4, pp. 122–152.
Oyun, M.V. Pridatochnye opredelitel’nye slova, vvodimye sluzhebnymi slovami dep, deer, deen v tuvinskom yazyke
[Subordinate Attributive Words Introduced by dep, deer, deen in the Tuvan Language]. Tyurkskiye yazyki Sibiri [Siberian
Turkic Languages]. Novosibirsk, 1983, p. 46–55.
Sat, Sh. Ch. O nekotorykh sluzhebnykh slovakh, voznikshikh na baze glagol’noy osnovy di- / de- «govorit’» v tuvinskom
yazyke [On Certain Function Words Derived from Verb Stem di- / de- ‘to speak’ in the Tuvan Language]. Uchenyie zapiski
Kyzyl’skogo gos. ped. instituta [Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute Scientific Bulletin]. Kyzyl, 1961, no II, pp. 47–64.
Sat, Sh. Ch. Rol’ sluzhebnykh slov dep, deesh v slozhnopodchinennom predlozhenii tuvinskogo yazyka [Role of
Function Words dep, deesh in Tuvan Complex Sentences]. Padezhi i ikh ekvivalenty s stroe slozhnogo predlozheniya v
yazykakh narodov Sibiri [Cases and Their Equivalents in Siberian Languages Complex Sentences]. Novosibirsk, 1981. pp.
112–115.
Shamina, L.A. Izyasnitel’nye konstruksii so skrepoy dep v tuvinskom yazyke [Content Clauses with dep in the Tuvan
Language]. Predlozheniye v yazykakh Sibiri [Sentence in Siberian Languages]. Novosibirsk, 1989. pp. 131–140.
Tolkovyy slovar’ tuvinskogo yazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Tuvan Language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2003, Vol.
I., 599 p.
Tuvinsko-russkiy slovar’ [Tuvan-Russian Dictionary]. Мoscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1968, 648 p.